After the French Revolution (1789-1799) which led to freedom and equality in France. American Revolution (1775-1783) which led to the independence of the British colonies in North America such as the United States. Haitian Revolution (1791-1804) which led to the independence of Haiti, and the War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748), and the Great Northern War (1757-1763) the establishment of Russia as a European superpower.
He was also a time of colonial empires of the world, European and heroic battles for independence. Industrial and scientific revolution with the great inventions such as' lightning rod 'engine Watt steam', 'steam car road', 'light', 'metal printing process',' electric motor ',' imaging ',' bike ', and much more That, and the reason for the rise of capitalism and led cultural and ideological changes toward democracy and human rights.
Between the characters, a significant impact we can find the philosophers, such as bacon, F or I. Kant, composers, JS Bach, Mozart WA, and poets, like M. de Sade or Voltaire. No discipline in the arts, politics, science, social sciences, religious, arts, commerce, industry, and philosophy, which was fixed and stable.
The Enlightenment, in fact, the proliferation of 'new era' from 1750 to 1830. Improve the value of modern inventions and industrial communications system of physical and mental health among people in Europe and beyond. It is not only necessary for faster development of civilization, but people are always integrated in this claim and prosecutions. Archaeological research with the excavation of the ancient civilizations of Herculaneum or Pompeii, the European scientific publishing about ancient cultures and speed until the war Napoleon to Egypt aims of the attention of many people to the lost civilization of the Greek, Romanian, Egyptian and Etruscan also. Rich brought citizens of France or England are examples of ancient art, such as objects, statues and parts of the stone buildings to build their own group. Artists from Europe tend to all places of archaeological sites in Italy to study classical ideas, and construction of buildings. Educational trips to the history of good young people from rich European families, painters, poets and other historical buildings emotional, called 'Grand Tour' was almost identical to undertake it. Next, set up educational institutions such as the Academy de France in read-only memory, Royal Academy of Kut al-Amara and L 'école Arts in Paris, the Royal Academy in England and the College of Architecture in Germany.
After a decade and one of the Baroque, including the Rococo, and the classical ideas of purity, and curb and taste was like a vision for 'new era. Found on the ideas of modern philosophers and theologians confirm in the old mentality. The Greek philosophy and humanistic idealism great opportunities to create rules the best way for the new republics of France or America. Was complicated, mostly because of the neo-classical movement of certain countries and even communities particularly strong or social.
There are many variants of the new style and many of the trends within it. As soon as possible, and felt a wave of classicism in England at the beginning of 18 century, where published for the first time about the ancient world and thinking found in the work of architects such as Colin Campbell, Lord Burlington and William Kent. Because it is mainly based on design on the ideas of Italian architect of the century 16, and Andrea Palladio, but was named this pattern Palladianism, and developed later by the architect, the other great English, such as Robert Adam in modern neo-classical, which was adopted later by the Engineer American architect, Thomas Jefferson and others. The main features of Palladianism clear, horizontal lines, and stressed in many cases, columns, porticos, columns, and interfaces. Was the use of rustication or surfaces balustrades, which was established in symmetrical buildings for the manufacture of the impression of being more stable and noble. He was a mediator between the pattern Palladianism main-stream of the traditional modern English, which includes a style influenced by classic Georgian (1714-1830), and Regency style (1811-1820), and most of splendorous, in fact, like Adam, (1728-1792), characterized by Panel Holiday flat curious, columns, and decorative shapes or strips swags, framed jars and vases, manuscripts, the Sphinx and the medals and is the most extensive use of color schemes. The Adam style inspiration for the next generation of architects English and many in Europe because it reflects the old ideas and clear from the Greek, Romanian and Etruscan style also with personal taste. Developed examples of English neoclassicism in Edinburgh, Scotland as objects designed by Robert Adam, his father and his younger brother, and his main rival, William Chambers as well as in London, such as innovations Gibbs, James and John Nash, who represented the era of trusteeship in touch with the revival of Greek but also in the British colonies such as Australia or independently, for example, where and put a lot of neo-classical buildings such as the governments mainly in Calcutta.
Compared with the traditional vulnerability of modern French revolutionary movements and the mission of Napoleon. The revival of the Egyptian part of a variety of French when Napoleon was at the end of the next century 18. Representing for the first time the Royal Commission of Louis XV, next to the ambitious Emperor Bonaparte many examples, large and stunning traditional modern French, including the difference empire of Napoleon, which was created by architects and Soufflot Jacques Gabriel Jacques Ledoux Nicolas Fontaine Pierre Charles Clerisseau who was working for the Public Foreign Commissioners Katrina as the Great in Russia, like many other artists. The concept of French architecture and the basic ideas Pure classical orders, including the entablature. Therefore, columns, cornices, arches, columns and main features. The main figure of modern conventional Batista Piranesi in Italy. Because it was known mainly architecture in Italy, as presented in Rome, which was a natural result of ancient tradition, and the ruins of Pompeii excavations in the ancient, traditional or modern Italian Herculaneum only a more formal vocabulary and the richest on the «new» architect. The United States has placed the next, it adopted the first Palladianism heritage, and the transition on their own as the Federal, peaked between 1780 and 1820, characterized by the scheme Oval from the inside, and stairs stand-alone buildings and in some cases, corridors stand-alone, and templates minute and the percentage of slender. More than that, Karl Schinkel and Leo von Klenze in Germany, Harsdorff Kasper in Denmark, Lewis Masreliez in Sweden, and Juan de Villanueva in Spain, Starov Ivan in Russia or Merlini Dominique in Poland and Lithuanian.Neoclassicism present in the field of architecture, the art of interior decoration , in all disciplines of art, and was a source of inspiration for designers and creators of furniture and household appliances, textiles, porcelain and services that were synonymous with wealth.
No comments:
Post a Comment